Model
A delayed controller oscillates
Flapping is not a tuning failure. It is the default behaviour of a delayed controller with enough gain.
- Dead time
- how old the state the controller acts on is
Worked examples, recomputed
Every number the mechanisms quote for this relationship is recomputed from it, so none of them disagrees with it.
Where it appears
Each mechanism states it in its own names. The general symbol each name stands for is shown with it.
- Emergent Failure Dynamics
What happens when nothing is broken, every component is healthy, and the system's own response to stress makes the stress worse?
- Scheduling & Workload Management
Which work runs now, which work waits, and who pays for the waiting?
L (loop delay) =